12th October 2021
Yesterday many celebrities of legal Twitter were engaged in a detailed discussion about whether the government of the United Kingdom was really threatening ‘the rule of law’.
(Celebrity in legal Twitter is akin to what Jasper Carrott once said of the disc jokey Ed Doolan: world-famous in Birmingham.)
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The discussion was prompted by this thought-provoking tweet and thread from @SpinningHugo:
https://twitter.com/SpinningHugo/status/1447447283570774017
The proposition is as follows: (a) nobody disputes that the United Kingdom breaking international law is a bad thing; (b) but the reason it is a bad thing is not because it offends the ‘rule of law’.
The proposition contains a clever and subtle distinction, and the tweeter (who I do not know personally) puts it forward with characteristic charm and the confidence that is an endearing quality of their Twitter account.
But I fear it is not entirely correct.
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What is correct is that the phrase ‘the rule of law’ can be deployed almost unthinkingly.
And the notion of a thing offending ‘the rule of law’ can also be too easily adopted.
Not every unlawful action by a government is an assault on the ‘the rule of law’.
A government can commit a tort or some other civil wrong; a public authority may act outside of its powers; and agents of the state can commit criminal offences.
That in each instance the courts are capable of holding the relevant entity or individual to account is an example of the rule of law working, rather than it being subverted.
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What is also correct is that ‘international law’ is not like other sorts of law.
For example, much of it exists without any practical means of enforcement or even adjudication.
At law school, I heard an eminent professor describe international law as ‘a fiction’.
There is a saying that domestic law is a matter of law, foreign law is a matter of fact, and international law is a matter of fantasy.
And there is another saying that if a rule is not capable of enforcement then it is not really a ‘law’.
If these sayings have any purchase, then an assertion that there has been breach of international law may perhaps have a political or normative meaning, but it does not necessarily have much legal meaning.
And so a breach of international law by a nation state is not by itself enough to say that the very principle of ‘the rule of law’ – which is attached to all law, domestic and international – is being attacked.
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And, for completeness, ‘the rule of law’ is not always necessarily a good thing.
Many evil things – from slavery to torture – can be placed on a legal basis, and compliance with such laws is not a good thing.
To the extent that we should care about the principle ‘the rule of law’ then other principles are at least as important, such as equality, due process, accountability, democracy, legitimacy, the separation of powers, universal human rights, and so on.
The rule of law, and nothing else, can sometimes be indistinguishable from tyranny.
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But.
I think @SpinningHugo makes two errors.
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The first error is to suggest (by implication) that the breach of international law by the United Kingdom is not capable of being an attack on the principle of ‘the rule of law’.
There are breaches, and there are breaches.
And some breaches can be trivial or substantial examples of non-compliance, and some breaches can be intended or designed to undermine systems (if they exist) of enforcement and adjudication, and may also create a moral hazard that discredits the legal regime more generally.
Such breaches not only mean a rule has been broken, but that the very rules themselves are placed into peril.
In essence: some breaches of international law are also demonstrations that a state actor simply does not believe that legal rules apply to them.
And as ‘the rule of law’ – if it means anything – means that all are subject to the law, then – logically – such an act of open disavowal can only violate that principle.
In essence: any state actor is capable of breaching international law in a manner that undermines the general principle that the law should be obeyed.
Even the United Kingdom.
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The second error is to aver that the recent (and ongoing) post-Brexit conduct of the United Kingdom is not itself a threat to ‘the rule of law’.
(So not only is the United Kingdom capable of breaking international law here in a way that is a threat to the rule of law, but that it is actually doing so.)
The United Kingdom government last year sought to legislate so as to deliberately breach obligations it had entered into under the Northern Irish protocol.
The protocol provides legal obligations on the United Kingdom (and the European Union):
(a) that were freely entered into,
(b) that are capable of enforcement and adjudication through an agreed formal process; and
(c) which have been placed into domestic law by statute.
The Northern Irish protocol is therefore, by any meaningful definition, ‘law’.
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Last year the United Kingdom government was not about to breach the Northern Irish protocol by accident or through recklessness, or on the basis of a grey area of interpretation.
The United Kingdom government intended to breach the the Northern Irish protocol – by deliberately using domestic legislation.
This was, in essence, the United Kingdom government asserting that a legal obligation did not bind it.
Since that threatened (but withdrawn) threat the government has not been so blatant in its commitment to law-breaking.
Yet it is still seeking ways for it to avoid or ignore a legal commitment it entered into, on the basis of a belief that some legal commitments do not apply to the United Kingdom.
This instance of subversive intent, if translated into solid political action, is a threat to ‘the rule of law’.
It is not just that the United Kingdom government will break a legal commitment.
It is also not just that the United Kingdom government does not care that it will break a legal commitment.
It is because the United Kingdom government is intending to break a legal commitment on the basis that it does not believe that it should be bound by that legal commitment.
For such a move not only is a breach of a particular rule, but a fundamental repudiation of the general principle that a legal command should be obeyed.
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Perhaps some may say that some legal commands should not be obeyed.
But we should not fool ourselves into thinking that such disobedience is not a breach of ‘the rule of law’.
It is a breach of ‘the rule of law’ – but it is a breach that you think does not matter.
It is to assert that ‘the rule of law’ sometimes does not matter absolutely.
And that – well – is a different proposition to saying that a breach of international law cannot be a breach of ‘the rule of law’.
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